2023

The first official assessment of progress under the Paris Agreement, evaluating global collective efforts to meet climate goals. It highlights gaps between current actions and the Agreement’s targets, urging countries to enhance their NDCs and intensify climate action.

Global Stocktake

Dubai, UAE

COP28

2021

Strengthened commitments from countries to reduce emissions, phase down coal use and increase climate finance for adaptation and mitigation.

Glasgow Climate Pact

Glasgow, United Kingdom

COP26

2015

A legally binding agreement where nearly all countries committed to limit global warming to well below 2°C, aiming for 1.5°C, through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Paris Agreement

Paris, France

COP21

2009

Non-binding agreement where countries pledged to limit global temperature increase to 2°C above pre-industrial levels and committed to climate finance.

Copenhagen Accord

Copenhagen, Paris

COP15

1997

Legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. It introduced market-based mechanisms like carbon trading. Entered into force in 2005.

Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto, Japan

COP3

1992

Landmark treaty that established the global framework for addressing climate change, with the aim of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Earth Summit

1987

An agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs). It's one of the most successful environmental agreements, significantly reducing the ozone hole.

Montreal Protocol

Montreal, Canada

1985

First global framework to address ozone depletion. Led to coordinated research and policy responses.

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Vienna, Austria